Pharmaceutical compositions to reduce complications of ocular steroid

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a combination of a lipid cake mixture comprising one or more phospholipids, with or without cholesterol, and a steroid solution comprising an ocular steroid, derivative thereof, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a prodrug thereof, wherein the total amount of the phospholipid in the said composition is about 0.1 umol to less than about 2.5 umol per 50 ul of pharmaceutical composition and the side effects of the ocular steroid are reduced. The pharmaceutical composition is preferably administered by ocular route to treat ophthalmic diseases.

TECHNOLOGY FIELD

The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprisinga combination of lipid cake and a steroid solution to reduce the sideeffects of steroid and methods of their use in treating ophthalmicdiseases.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Macular edema produces loss of central vision and is a clinicalmanifestation of diabetic retinopathy. It is due to retinalmicrovascular changes, and the pathogenesis is not only related to VEGFdependency but also to other inflammatory and angiogenic cytokine levelsthat can be suppressed by corticosteroids. (Sohn H J et al. Changes inaqueous concentrations of various cytokines after intravitrealtriamcinolone versus bevacizumab for diabetic macular edema. Am JOphthamol. October 2011; 152(4):686-94.)

Intravitreal corticosteroid injection can be a treatment option for somecases of chronic macular edema not reacting to classic treatment such aslaser photocoagulation, periocular and systemic steroids or carbonicanhydrase inhibitors.

Intravitreal corticosteroid injection is also used to treat uveitis andto improve the visual acuity in patients with branch retinal veinocclusion or central retina vein occlusion. However, repetitiveintravitreal injection is required to maintain the optimal and efficientcorticosteroid concentration in the eye, and this is associated withcomplications such as infectious endophthalmits, retinal detachment,traumatic cataract and increase intra-ocular pressure (IOP). One studyshows the incidence of increased IOP after intravitreal steroidinjection was 57.69% at one month, and 75 and 47.05%, at 3 and 6 months,respectively and progression of cataract was found in 22.72% of thepatients. (Oarcla Fernández M et al. Intravitreal triamcinoloneacetonide use in diffuse persistent diabetic macular edema. Arch Soc EspOftalmol 2011 October; 86(10):314-319.)

In view of the deficiencies outlined above, there is a need forintravitreal steroid injection with reduced side effects.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a combination of a lipid cake mixture comprising aphospholipid or mixture of phospholipids, with or without cholesterol;and a steroid solution comprising an ocular steroid, a derivativethereof, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a prodrug thereofwherein the total amount of phospholipids is less than about 2.5 umolper 50 ul of said pharmaceutical composition and reduces the sideeffects of said ocular steroid, said derivative, said pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or said prodrug relative to a composition having atleast about 5 umol of phospholipids per 50 ul of pharmaceuticalcomposition.

The pharmaceutical composition can be prepared by mixing the lipid cakewith a steroid solution, wherein the steroid solution comprises anocular steroid, a derivative thereof, a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, or a prodrug thereof.

The present invention is also directed to methods of treating ophthalmicdiseases in a subject in need thereof. The methods comprise the stepsof: administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition describedherein, whereby the symptoms in the subject are reduced. The presentinvention is particularly useful for treating ophthalmic diseasesconfined to the posterior segment of the eye by ocular delivery.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Definition

As employed above and throughout the disclosure, the following terms,unless otherwise indicated, shall be understood to have the followingmeanings.

As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include theplural reference unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

As used herein, the term “about,” when referring to a measurable valuesuch as an amount, a temporal duration, and the like, is meant toencompass variations of ±10%, preferably ±5%, more preferably ±1%, andeven more preferably ±0.1% from the specified value, as such variationsare appropriate to reduce the side effect of steroid, unless otherspecified. As used herein, the term “about,” when referring to a range,is meant to encompass variations of ±10% within the difference of therange, preferably ±5%, more preferably ±1%, and even more preferably±0.1% from the specified value, as such variations are appropriate toreduce the side effect of steroid, unless other specified.

The term “liposome” as used herein means vesicles comprised ofconcentrically ordered lipid bilayers encapsulating an aqueous phase, orsmall or large unilamellar vesicles.

An “effective amount,” as used herein, refers to a dose of thepharmaceutical composition that is sufficient to reduce the symptoms andsigns of ophthalmic disease, such as blurry, washed out vision.

The term “treating,” “treated,” or “treatment” as used herein includespreventative (e.g. prophylactic), palliative, and curative uses orresults.

The term “subject” includes a vertebrate having ophthalmic diseases.Preferably, the subject is a warm-blooded animal, including mammals,preferably humans.

As used herein, the term “prodrug” refers to a precursor compound that,following administration, releases the biologically active compound invivo via some chemical or physiological process (e.g., a prodrug onreaching physiological pH or through enzyme action is converted to thebiologically active compound). A prodrug itself may either lack orpossess the desired biological activity.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable salts” of the ocular steroid of the presentinvention are salts of an acidic steroid formed with bases, namely baseaddition salts such as alkali and alkaline earth metal salts, such assodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, as well as 4 ammoniumsalts, such as ammonium, trimethyl-ammonium, diethylammonium, andtris-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl)-methyl-ammonium salts.

Similarly acid addition salts, such as of mineral acids, organiccarboxylic and organic sulfonic acids, e.g., hydrochloric acid,methanesulfonic acid, maleic acid, are also possible provided to a basicocular steroid.

In one aspect, the present invention provides a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a combination of a lipid cake mixture comprisinga phospholipid or mixture of phospholipids, with or without cholesterol;and a steroid solution comprising an ocular steroid, a derivativethereof, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a prodrug thereofin double-distilled water (ddH₂O) or a suitable buffer, wherein thetotal amount of phospholipids in said composition is less than about 2.5umol per 50 ul of pharmaceutical composition and reduces the sideeffects of said steroid, said derivative, said pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or said prodrug relative to a composition having atleast about 5 umol of phospholipids per 50 ul of pharmaceuticalcomposition. Another aspect of the present invention is directed tomethods of treating ophthalmic diseases, comprises the administration ofan effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition describe herein toa subject in need thereof, whereby the symptoms and signs of theophthalmic diseases in the subject are reduced.

Lipid Cake

The lipid cake in the present invention refers to a solid lipid mixturein a cake, film or powder.

In one embodiment, the phospholipid or mixture of phospholipids, with orwithout cholesterol, are pre-formed into liposomes before furtherprocessing into a lipid cake.

In another embodiment, the phospholipid or mixture of phospholipids,with or without cholesterol, are not pre-formed into liposomes beforefurther processing into a lipid cake

The liposomes are nano-sized and comprise a particle-forming componentand an agent-carrying component. The particle-forming component forms anenclosed lipid barrier.

The lipid cake can be prepared from a variety of lipids capable ofeither forming or being incorporated into a unilayer or bilayerstructure. The lipids used in the present invention include one or morephospholipids, with or without cholesterol. Examples of the phospholipidused in the present invention include, but are not limited to,phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylglycerol (PG),phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidicacid (PA), phosphatidylinositol (PI), egg phosphatidylcholine (EPC), eggphosphatidylglycerol (EPG), egg phosphatiiylethanolamine (EPE), eggphosphatidylserine (EPS), egg phosphatidic acid (EPA), eggphosphatidylinositol (EPI), soy phosphatidylcholine (SPC), soyphosphatidylglycerol (SPG), soy phosphatidylethanolamine (SPE), soyphosphatidylserine (SPS), soy phosphatidic acid (SPA), soyphosphatidylinositol (SPI), dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC),1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DOPC),dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC), dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol(DPPG), dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG),dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol (DMPG), hexadecylphosphocholine (HEPC),hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine (HSPC),distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC), distearoylphosphatidylglycerol(DSPG), dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE),palmitoylisearoylphosphatidylcholine (PSPC),palmitoylstearoylphosphatidylglycerol (PSPG),monooleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (MOPE),1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (POPC)polyethyleneglycol distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine (PEO-DSPE),dipalmitoylpbosphatidylserine (DPPS),1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylserine (DOPS),dimyristoylphosphatidylserine (DMPS), distearoylphosphatidylserine(DSPS), dipalmitoylphosphatidic acid (DPPA),1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidic acid (DOPA),dimyristoylphosphatidic acid (DMPA), distearoylphosphatidic acid (DSPA),dipalmitoylphosphatidylinositol (DPPI),1,2-dioleoyl-an-glycero-3-phosphatidylinositol (DOPI),dimyristoylphosphatidylinositol (DMPI), distearoylphosphatidylinositol(DSPI), and a mixture thereof. Particularly preferred phospholipids areselected from the group consisting of DOPC and DOPG

In one embodiment, the lipid cake mixture comprises of DOPC, DOPG andcholesterol at a molar ratio of 29.5% to 90%:3% to 37.5%:10% to 33%. Inanother embodiment, the lipid cake mixture comprises of about 15% toless than about 30% molar ratio of cholesterol. In another embodiment,the lipid cake mixture comprises about 18 to about 28% molar ratio ofcholesterol. In yet another embodiment, the lipid cake mixture comprisesabout 20 to about 25% molar ratio of cholesterol.

In one embodiment, the particle-forming component is free of fatty acidor cationic lipid (i.e. a lipid carrying a net positive charge aphysiological pH).

In another embodiment, the particle-forming component includes ahydrophilic polymer with a long chain of highly hydrated flexibleneutral polymer attached to a phospholipid molecule. Without being boundby any theory, the hydrophilic polymer is believed to stabilize theliposome and result in a longer circulation time in vivo. Examples ofthe hydrophilic polymer include, but are not limited to, polyethyleneglycol (PEG) with a molecular weight about 2,000 to about 5,000 daltons,methoxy PEG (mPEG), ganglioside GM₁, polysialic acid, polylactic (alsotermed polylactide), polyglycolic acid (also termed polyglycolide),apolylacticpolyglycolic acid, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone,polymethoxazoline, polyethyloxazoline, polyhydroxyethyloxazoline,polyhydroxypropyloxazoline, polyaspartamide, polyhydroxypropylmethacrylamide, polymethacrylamide, polydimethylacrylamide,polyvinylmethylether, polyhydroxyethyl acrylate, derivatized cellulosessuch as hydroxymethylcellulose or hydroxyethylcellulose and syntheticpolymers.

The particle-forming component may further comprise a lipid-conjugate ofan antibody or a peptide that acts as a targeting moiety to enable theliposome to specifically bind to a target cell bearing a targetmolecule. Examples of the target molecules include, but are not limitedto, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), vascular endothelial growthfactor receptor (VEGF), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and erbB-2/neu(HER2).

The liposomes prepared in this invention can be generated byconventional techniques used to prepare vesicles. These techniquesinclude the ether injection method (Deamer et al., Acad. Sci. (1978)308: 250), the surfactant method (Brunner t al., Biochim. Biophys. Acts(1976) 455: 322), the freeze-thaw method (Pick et al., Arch. Biochim.Biophys. (1981) 212: 186), the reverse-phase evaporation method (Szokaet al., Biochim. Biophys. Acts. (1980) 601: 559 71), the ultrasonictreatment method (Huang et al., Biochemistry (1969) 8: 344), the ethanolinjection method (Kremer et al., Biochemistry (1977) 16: 3932), theextrusion method (Hope at al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1985) 812:55 65),the French press method (Barenholz et al., FEBS Lett. (1979) 99: 210)and methods detailed in Szoka, F., Jr., et al., Ann. Rev. Biophys.Bioeng. 9:467 (1980). All of the above processes are basic technologiesfor the formation of liposome vesicles and these processes areincorporated by reference herein. After sterilization, the pre-formedliposomes are placed aseptically into a container and then lyophilizedto form a powder or a cake. Because the lipid cake mixture comprisingpre-formed liposomes in the present invention are lyophilized, at leastone cryoprotectant is required for the preparation of the lipid cake. Inone embodiment, the lipid cake mixture further comprises one or morebuffers.

The cryoprotectants include, but are not limited to, mannitol, glycerol,dextrose, sucrose, and/or trehalose. One preferred cryoprotectant ismannitol.

The buffers include, but are not limited to, sodium phosphate monobasicdihydrate and sodium phosphate dibasic anhydrous.

In the embodiment where the lipid cake comprises lipids that are notpre-formed into liposomes, the lipid cake can be prepared by dissolvingin a suitable organic solvent, including, but not limited to, ethanol,methanol, t-butyl alcohol, ether and chloroform, and can be dried byheating, vacuum evaporation, nitrogen evaporation, lyophilization, orother conventional means of solvent removal.

Specific examples of lipid cake preparation in support of the presentinvention will be described below.

Steroid Solution

The steroid solution in the present invention comprises of an ocularsteroid, a derivative thereof a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, or a prodrug thereof.

The ocular steroid useful in the present invention includes anynaturally occurring steroid hormones, synthetic steroids and theirderivatives. Examples of the ocular steroid include, but are not limitedto, cortisone, hydrocortisone, hydrocortisone acetate, tixocortolpivalate, fluocinolone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, prednisone,triamcinolone acetonide, triamcinolone, mometasone, amcinonide,budesonide, desonide, fluocinonide, fluocinolone acetonide, halcinonide,betamethasone, betamethasone sodium phosphate, dexamethasone,dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DSP), fluocortolone,hydrocortisone-17-butyrate, hydrocortisone-7-valerate, aclometasonedipropionate, betamethasone valerate, betamethasone dipropionate,prednicarbate, clobetasone-17-butyrate, clobetasol-17-propionate,fluocortolone caproate, fluocortolone pivalate, fluprednidene acetate,difluprednate, loteprednol, fluorometholone, medrysone rimexolone,beclomethasone, cloprednol, cortivazol, deoxycortone, difluorocortolone,fluclorolone, fluorocortisone, flumethasone, flunisolide,fluorocortolone, flurandrenolone, meprednisone, methylprednisolone andparamethasone. In a preferred embodiment, the ocular steroid is a watersoluble steroid. In a more preferred embodiment, the ocular steroid isDSP.

The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the ocular steroid includenon-toxic salts formed from non-toxic inorganic or organic bases. Forexample, non-toxic salts can be formed with inorganic bases such as analkali or alkaline earth metal hydroxide, e.g., potassium, sodium,lithium, calcium, or magnesium; and with organic bases such as an amineand the like.

The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the ocular steroid also includenon-toxic salts formed from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids.Example of organic and inorganic acids are, for example, hydrochloric,sulfuric, phosphoric, acetic, succinic, citric, lactic, maleic, fumaric,palmitic, cholic, pamoic, mucic, D-glutamic, glutaric, glycolic,phthalic, tartaric, lauric, stearic, salicylic, sorbic, benzoic acidsand the like.

The steroid solution of the preset invention can be prepared either inddH₂O or a suitable buffer.

The Pharmaceutical Composition

The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is suitable forocular delivery of a steroid and comprises a combination of a lipid cakemixture comprising a phospholipid or mixture of phospholipids, with orwithout cholesterol; and a steroid solution comprising an ocular steroidor a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the total amountof phospholipids is about 0.1 umol to about less than about 2.5 umol per50 ul of pharmaceutical composition and wherein the side effects of saidcomposition is reduced relative to the side effects of a pharmaceuticalcomposition having at least about 5 umol of phospholipids per 50 ul ofpharmaceutical composition.

In one embodiment, the total amount of phospholipids is about 0.5 umolto less than about 2.0 umol per 50 ul of pharmaceutical composition. Inanother embodiment, the total amount of phospholipids is about 1 umol toless than about 1.5 umol per 50 ul of pharmaceutical composition

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition further comprising atleast one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent, vehicle,carrier, medium for the active ingredient, a preservative,cryoprotectant or a combination thereof.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition of the presentinvention is prepared by mixing one or more phospholipids, with orwithout cholesterol, and one or more buffers to form liposomes,lyophilizing the liposomes with one or more cryoprotectants to form alipid cake in a powder form. The powdered lipid cake is reconstitutedwith the steroid solution to form an aqueous suspension.

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition of the presentinvention is prepared by mixing one or more phospholipids, with orwithout cholesterol, in a solvent then removing the solvent to form alipid cake. The lipid cake is reconstituted with the steroid solution toform an aqueous suspension

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprisesabout 0.6 to about 0.7 mg of dexamethasone. In another preferredembodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 0.19 to about0.59 mg of fluocinolone acetonide. In yet another preferred embodiment,the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 4 mg of triamcinoloneacetonide.

The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises about10% to about 50% of lipid-associated DSP or about 50% to about 90% ofnon-associated DSP. Non-associated DSP is easily cleared in the vitreoushumor with a half-life of about 3.5 hours while the lipid-associated DSPis not readily cleared in the vitreous humor and can be retained invitreous humor for several months depending on the pharmaceuticalcompositions.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be used to treat apatient suffering from ophthalmic diseases. In a preferred embodiment,the ophthalmic disease is confined to the posterior segment of the eye.In a more preferred embodiment, the ophthalmic disease is any one of thefollowing: macular edema, uveitis, branch retinal vein occlusion orcentral retina vein occlusion, and age-related macular degeneration.

The Method of Treating Ophthalmic Diseases

Another aspect of this invention is a method of treating ophthalmicdiseases in a subject, which comprises the administration an effectiveamount of the pharmaceutical composition as described herein to asubject in need thereof, whereby the symptoms and signs of theophthalmic diseases in the subject are reduced.

The pharmaceutical composition may be constituted into any form suitablefor the mode of administration selected. In one embodiment, thepharmaceutical composition is formulated for ocular administration. Inanother embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated forintravitreal administration. In another embodiment, the pharmaceuticalcomposition is formulated for topical administration.

The dosage of the pharmaceutical composition of the present inventioncan be determined by the skilled person in the art according to theembodiments. Unit doses or multiple dose forms are contemplated, eachoffering advantages in certain clinical settings. According to thepresent invention, the actual amount of the pharmaceutical compositionto be administered can vary in accordance with the age, weight,condition of the subject to be treated, and depends on the discretion ofmedical professionals.

The following examples further illustrate the present invention. Theseexamples are intended merely to be illustrative of the present inventionand are not to be construed as being limiting

Example 1: Preparation of the Lipid Cake

The lipid cake was prepared by the ethanol injection method. The lipids,including DOPC, DOPG (both are commercially available from NOFCorporation, Japan and Lipoid LLC, USA) and cholesterol (commerciallyavailable from MINAKEM, France), were combined at a molar ratio of67.5:7.5:25 and dissolved in 99.9% ethanol at about 40° C. in a flask. Atabletop ultrasonic bath was used for lipid dissolution.

The dissolved lipid solution was added to sodium phosphate solution at100 mL/min by a peristaltic pump and the two solutions were mixed. Thelipid mixture was then passed 6-10 times through a polycarbonatemembrane with a pore size of 0.2 um. Liposomes (or large unilamellarvesicles) were formed and the average vesicle diameter was about 120-140nm (measured by Malvern ZetaSizer Nano ZS-90).

The liposome mixture was dialyzed and concentrated by a tangential flowfiltration system with Millipore Pellicon 2 Mini Ultrafiltration ModuleBiomax-100C (0.1 m²), and mannitol was added to obtain a final mannitolconcentration of 20 mg/mL. The liposome mixture was then sterilizedusing a 0.2 um sterile filter and the sterilized liposome mixture wasfilled aseptically into vials and then lyophilized to form lipid cake.The main compositions of the lipid cake is summarized in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Composition of the Lipid Cake Composition (Molar Ration) DOPCDOPG Cholesterol Sodium Phosphate (67.5) (7.5) (25) Solution

Example 2: Preparation of the Pharmaceutical Composition

The pharmaceutical composition was prepared by reconstituting thelyophilized lipid cake in Example 1 with a DSP solution to formmultilamellar vesicles.

For 50 ul of pharmaceutical composition with 0.6 mg of DSP and 5 umolphospholipids, one vial of lyophilized lipid cake in Example 1 wasreconstituted with a 0.3 ml of DSP solution wherein the concentration ofDSP is 13.2 mg/ml.

For 50 ul of pharmaceutical composition with 0.6 mg of DSP and 2.5 umolphospholipids, one vial of lyophilized lipid cake in Example 1 wasreconstituted with a 0.6 ml of DSP solution wherein the concentration ofDSP is 13.2 mg/ml.

Example 3. In Vivo Evaluation of the Pharmaceutical Composition inReducing the Ocular Side Effects of Steroid

An in vive evaluation of the effect of the pharmaceutical composition inreducing the side effects of ocular steroid was performed using NewZealand albino rabbit population. 25 Male rabbits, aged between 10.12weeks, were recruited in the study. The average body weight of therabbit was 2.3 kg at baseline.

Rabbits had free access to drinking water and food at all time duringthis trial.

The study design involved 5 study groups as follows:

Group 1: 5 rabbits each received 50 ul of the pharmaceutical compositioncomprising pre-formed liposomes and 0.05 mg of DSP, wherein totalphospholipid of the pharmaceutical composition was about 5 umol.

Group 2: 5 rabbits each received 50 ul of the pharmaceutical compositioncomprising pre-formed liposomes and 0.2 mg of dexamethasone sodiumphosphate (DSP), wherein total phospholipid of the pharmaceuticalcomposition was about 5 umol.

Group 3: 5 rabbits each received 50 ul of the pharmaceutical compositioncomprising pre-formed liposomes and 0.6 mg of DSP, wherein totalphospholipid of the pharmaceutical composition was about 5 umol.

Group 4: 5 rabbits were initially assigned to this group but 1 rabbitdied under anesthesia prior to the intravitreal injection. Hence, 4rabbits each received 50 ul of the pharmaceutical composition comprisingpro-formed liposomes and 0.6 mg of DSP, wherein total phospholipid ofthe pharmaceutical composition was about 2.5 umol.

Group 5: 5 rabbits were initially assigned to this group but 1 rabbitdied under anesthesia prior to the intravitreal injection. Hence, 4rabbits each received 50 ul of the pharmaceutical composition comprisingpre-formed liposomes and 0.6 mg of DSP, wherein total phospholipid ofthe pharmaceutical composition was about 1.25 umol.

The pharmaceutical composition was administered to the rabbit byintravitreal injection. The dose of DSP and the total amount ofphospholipid administered to each eye, the number of eyes injected, theDSP strength and the phospholipid concentration of the pharmaceuticalcomposition, and the volume of the pharmaceutical compositionadministered to each eye are summarized in Table 2.

TABLE 2 The characteristics of the pharmaceutical compositions Dose ofDose of No. of eyes DSP Dose Group DSP per PL* per (No. of strength PL*conc. volume Number eye eye rabbits) (mg/mL) (mg/mL) (ul/eye) Group 10.05 mg 5 umol 10 (5) 1 69.0 50 Group 2 0.2 mg 5 umol 10 (5) 4 69.0 50Group 3 0.6 mg 5 umol 10 (5) 12 69.0 50 Group 4 0.6 mg 2.5 umol  8 (4)12 34.5 50 Group 5 0.6 mg 1.25 umol  8 (4) 12 34.5 50 *PL = phospholipid

During the 180-day trial period, the rabbits were examined on regularintervals for the following outcomes:

-   -   Ocular adverse signs such as moderate cornea edema, corneal        opacity, softened cornea (defined as the loss of corneal        resilience using the tonometer on the cornea), and conjunctiva        hyperemia. The eyes of the rabbits were examined on the        following days: 0, 4, 7, 11, 14, 21, 25, 28, 32, 35, 39, 42, 46,        49, 53, 56, 60, 63, 67, 70, 74, 77, 82, 85, 89, 92, 96, 99, 103,        106, 110, 113, 117, 120, 124, 127, 131, 134, 138, 141, 145, 148,        152, 155, 159, 162, 166, 169, 173, 176 and 180.    -   Raised Intraocular pressure (IOP). The IOP was measured by        Reichert Tono-Pen® XL Tonometer (Reichert, Inc. 3362 Walden        Avenue, Depew, N.Y. 14034 USA) before intravitreal        administration of the pharmaceutical composition and on the        following days after the intravitreal administration: 0, 4, 7,        11, 14, 18, 21, 25, 28, 32, 35, 39, 42, 46, 49, 53, 56, 60, 63,        67, 70, 74, 77, 82, 85, 89, 92, 96, 99, 103, 106, 110, 113, 117,        120, 124, 127, 131, 134, 138, 141, 145, 148, 152, 155, 159, 162,        166, 169, 173, 176 and 180. Mice were determined to have raised        IOP if the IOP was more than 15 mmHg.    -   Change in vitreous clarity. Liposomes were known to affect the        vitreous clarity (B Short. Safety Evaluation of Ocular Drug        Delivery Formulations: Techniques and Practical Considerations.        Toxicol Pathol. January 2008; 36(1): 49-62 at 52). The vitreous        clarity in the rabbits was assessed by direct ophthalmoscope        (PanOptic Ophthalmoscope 118 series; Model 11820: Type 71000A;        Welch Allyn Inc. 4341 State street road Skaneateles, N.Y.        13153-0220). The vitreous clarity was given a score of 0-4 (0        indicates a clear view of the retinal vessels; 1 indicates the        retinal vessels are easily visualized through the pharmaceutical        composition; 2 indicates a hazy view of the retinal vessels        wherein vessels cannot be easily identified; 3 indicates a more        hazy view wherein only a few retinal vessels can be identified;        and 4 indicates vitreal haziness caused by the pharmaceutical        composition).

In addition, the distribution of the pharmaceutical composition in thevitreous humor was evaluated using an ophthalmoscope. A fundus score wasgiven between 0 (fundus visualized and was not covered by thepharmaceutical composition), 1 (one sixth of the fundus was covered bythe pharmaceutical composition), 2 (one third of the fundus was coveredby the pharmaceutical composition), 3 (one half of the fundus wascovered by the pharmaceutical composition), 4 (two third of the funduswas covered by the pharmaceutical composition), 5 (five sixth of thefundus was covered by the pharmaceutical composition) to 6 (fundus wasnot visualized and fully covered by the pharmaceutical composition).

The results of the 180-day study are summarized in Table 3. Theseresults show the rabbits receiving a pharmaceutical composition havingless than about 2.5 umol of phospholipid (Group 4 and Group 5) displayedless ocular side effects relative to the rabbits receiving apharmaceutical composition having at least about 5 umol of phospholipids(Group 3).

In addition, the pharmaceutical composition having less than about 2.5umol of phospholipid (Group 4 and Group 5) are better distributed in thevitreous humor, due to a more rapid clearance in the vitreous humorrelative to the pharmaceutical composition having at least about 5 umolof phospholipids (Group 3).

TABLE 3 The total incidence of ocular complications in Group 1 to Group5 rabbits during the 180-day study Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group5 0.05 mg 0.2 mg 0.6 mg 0.6 mg 0.6 mg DSP & DSP & DSP & DPS & DPS &Ocular 5 umol 5 umol 5 umol 2.5 umol 1.25 umol Complication PL* PL* PL*PL* PL* Moderate 5/10 8/10  4/10 Not 4/8 Cornea detected Edema Corneal5/10 8/10  2/10 Not Not Opacity detected detected Softened 5/10 9/1010/10 3/8 3/8 Cornea Conjunctiva 6/10 6/10  3/10 1/8 Not hyperemiadetected Raised IOP 6/10 8/10  4/10 Not 3/8 detected Reduced 2/10 2/10 1/10 None None Vitreal Clarity (score 3 or above Fundus Score 4/10 2/10 2/10 None None (Score 4 or above) *PL = Phospholipid

A more detail summary of the results in Table 3 is as follows:

Moderate Cornea Edema

The results show that the incidence of moderate cornea edema in Group 1,Group 2 and Group 3 rabbits (these rabbits received a pharmaceuticalcomposition with more than 2.5 umol of phospholipid) are 50%, 80% and40% respectively. There was no incidence of moderate cornea edema inGroup 4 rabbits, and 50% of the Group 5 rabbits developed moderatecornea edema.

Corneal Opacity

50% of Group 1 rabbits, 80% of Group 2 rabbits and 20% of Group 3rabbits developed corneal opacity, whereas none of the Group 4 and Group5 rabbits had corneal opacity. In summary, rabbits receiving apharmaceutical composition having less than about 25 umol ofphospholipid (Group 4 and Group 5) displayed less corneal opacityrelative to the rabbits receiving a pharmaceutical composition having atleast about 5 umol of phospholipids Group 3).

Softened Cornea

The incidence of softened cornea was over 50% in Group 1, Group 2 andGroup 3 rabbits, whereas the incidence of softened cornea was less than50% in Group 4 and Group 5 rabbits. In summary, rabbits receiving apharmaceutical composition having less than about 2.5 umol ofphospholipid (Group 4 and Group 5) displayed less softened cornearelative to the rabbits receiving a pharmaceutical composition having atleast about 5 umol of phospholipids (Group 3).

Conjunctive Hyperemia

60% of the rabbits in Group 1 and Group 2, and 30% of the rabbits inGroup 3 developed conjunctiva hyperemia. Only 12.5% of the Group 4rabbits and none of the Group 5 rabbit had conjunctiva hyperemia. Insummary, rabbits receiving a pharmaceutical composition having less thanabout 2.5 umol of phospholipid (Group 4 and Group 5) displayed lessconjunctiva hyperemia relative to the rabbits receiving a pharmaceuticalcomposition having at least about 5 umol of phospholipids (Group 3).

Raised IOP

Raised IOP is a well known side effect of ocular steroid injection. Thesigns of raised IOP were detected in 60% of Group 1 rabbits, 80% ofGroup 2 rabbits and 40% of Group 3 rabbits, whereas raised IOP was notdetected in Group 4 rabbits and was detected in 37.5% of Group 5rabbits. In summary, rabbits receiving a pharmaceutical compositionhaving less than about 2.5 umol of total phospholipid (Group 4 and Group5) displayed less raised IOP relative to the rabbits receiving apharmaceutical composition having at least about 5 umol of phospholipids(Group 3).

Reduced Vitreal Clarity

20% of the Group 1 and Group 2 rabbits and 10% of the Group 3 rabbitshad reduced vitreal clarity (with a score 3 or more). No reduced vitrealclarity (with a score 3 or more) was found in Group 4 and Group 5rabbits. In summary, the pharmaceutical composition having less thanabout 2.5 umol of total phospholipid (Group 4 and Group 5) is lesslikely to impair vitreous clarity relative to the pharmaceuticalcomposition having at least about 5 umol of phospholipids (Group 3).

The Fundus Score

40% of the Group 1 and 20% of the Group 2 and Group 3 rabbits had afundus score greater than 4, whereas none of the Group 4 and Group 5rabbits had a fundus score greater than 4. In summary, thepharmaceutical composition having less than about 2.5 umol ofphospholipid (Group 4 and Group 5) are better distributed in therabbit's vitreous humor relative to the pharmaceutical compositionhaving at least about 5 umol of phospholipids (Group 3).

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of treating an ophthalmic disease andreducing the side effect of an ocular steroid, comprising administratingto a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a pharmaceuticalcomposition, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprising: (a) alipid cake mixture comprising a phospholipid or a mixture ofphospholipids; and (b) a steroid solution comprising an effective amountof an ocular steroid, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;wherein the total amount of the phospholipids in the pharmaceuticalcomposition ranges from about 0.1 μmol to about 2.5 μmol per 50 μl ofthe pharmaceutical composition, and wherein the ocular steroid sideeffect profile of the pharmaceutical composition is reduced, relative tothe ocular steroid side effect of the pharmaceutical composition havingat least about 5 μmol of phospholipids per 50 μl of the pharmaceuticalcomposition.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the ophthalmic disease isconfined to the posterior segment of the eye.
 3. The method of claim 1,wherein the ophthalmic disease is macular edema.
 4. The method of claim1, wherein the ophthalmic disease is uveitis.
 5. The method of claim 1,wherein the ophthalmic disease is branch retinal vein occlusion.
 6. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the ophthalmic disease is central retina veinocclusion.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the ophthalmic disease isage-related macular degeneration.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein thepharmaceutical composition is administered by intravitreal injection. 9.The method of claim 1, wherein the lipid cake mixture further comprisescholesterol.